Israeli scientists have published an audacious new theory as to how the brain learns, and say that it could open up new possibilities for treating degenerative diseases — and for boosting the power of computers.
The research appeared Thursday in Scientific Reports, a journal published by Nature. It has been peer-reviewed, which means it has been closely analyzed and deemed worthy of publication by independent experts.
The study suggests that while it’s widely believed that much of the brain’s learning happens in synapses, a large part of learning actually happens in another part of neurons — in dendrites.
Synapses are the small gaps between two neurons, where nerve impulses are relayed, while dendrites are extensions of nerve cells.
Prof. Ido Kanter of Bar-Ilan University, who led the research involving years of animal studies, told The Times of Israel that the finding is “exciting” because drug developers can use it to help develop new types of treatments for degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
He said that by focusing on strengthening the capability of dendrites, such new treatments may become possible.
An illustration of neuron anatomy, including dendrites. (iStock via Getty Images)
Kanter commented: “Today, the focus of most research for medications is synapses, but if some of it starts to focus on dendrites, we have an opportunity to open up new possibilities in medicine development in the light of our findings.”
Kanter said that one reason the finding is important is that dendrites consume far less energy than synapses. Studying and understanding how they enable learning will help computer science, as well as medicine, he predicted.
Prof. Ido Kanter, of Bar-Ilan University (courtesy of Bar-Ilan University)
For the last 70 years, machine learning has been based on the notion that brain learning occurs by modifying the strength of the synapses, following the relative firing activity of their connecting neurons.
“Dendrite learning is far more efficient than the functioning of synapses, helping to explain why it is that brains are far slower than computers but can actually do much more in some respects.
“As we understand dendrite learning better, I believe it will enable us to imitate its very efficient nature in artificial intelligence,” he said.
“This could pave the way to much more powerful computers that work much faster and analyze much more data in limited time. The sky could be the limit.”
